Arnold J. Toynbee

Historian

Arnold Joseph Toynbee was a renowned English historian whose monumental 12-volume work, 'A Study of History,' explored the rise and fall of civilizations. He proposed that civilizations thrive by successfully responding to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities and decline when their leadership fails to respond. Educated at Oxford, Toynbee worked for the British Foreign Office during both World Wars and taught at the London School of Economics. His macro-historical theories made him a global public intellectual, though they also attracted significant scholarly criticism for their sweeping generalizations.

Apr 14, 1889 - Oct 22, 1975 English 13 Quotes

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